average datemax
Mean of the contributing potters' end dates.
average datemin
Mean of the contributing potters' start dates.
band padding
Fraction of each row left empty between bars, following the d3.scaleBand convention.
calibrated against
A findspot whose date is known independently of samian ware, used to fix the coverage factor. Naming them in the graph is the point: a calibration whose reference set is not published cannot be checked.
A findspot whose date rests on dendrochronology, coins or a historical event rather than on samian ware. Naming them in the graph is the point: a calibration whose reference set is not published cannot be checked, and one calibrated against samian-dated ensembles would be circular. Two candidates were dropped for exactly that reason.
calibration basis
How the coverage factor was obtained. A plain-language statement, not a machine-readable procedure: it says which criterion was applied so that a reader can judge the number rather than take it on trust.
How the coverage factor was arrived at, in words. The value of tau was not chosen for elegance: it is the smallest value at which every reference findspot's terminus ante quem still falls inside its interval. k_min and k_max remain set conventions, because five reference ensembles cannot separate three parameters — attempting it produced 2 424 parameter combinations that fit the data equally well.
colour ramp
Name of the colour ramp mapping quality to colour, recorded so that a reader can reproduce the fill colours rather than eyeballing them.
colour source
Die gemessene Eigenschaft, aus der diese Achse ihre Werte nimmt.
The measured property an axis takes its values from. Following it leads from the colour back to the evidence.
constrains
Das Ensemble, fuer das dieser Termin eine Schranke setzt.
The assemblage a terminus sets a bound on. Following it leads from the fixed point to the dating it constrains, and back.
die repetition
nStampsWithDie / nDies. Depot-Indikator.
nStampsWithDie divided by nDies. High values indicate that the same dies recur, which is characteristic of a hoard or a closed deposit rather than of accumulated site refuse.
domain basis
'fixed': gesetzte Konvention, bleibt bei wachsendem Korpus stehen. 'observed': aus diesem Korpus gelesen — kommen Fundstellen hinzu, verschieben sich die Farben auch der unveraenderten.
Whether the domain is a fixed convention or was observed in this corpus. The distinction matters for anyone comparing two snapshots: an observed domain moves when findspots are added, so an unchanged findspot can change colour without its dating having changed at all.
domain maximum
Wert, der auf 1 abgebildet wird.
The value mapped to the high end of the ramp.
domain minimum
Wert, der auf 0 abgebildet wird.
The value mapped to the low end of the ramp. Values below it are clamped rather than dropped.
domain scale
'linear' oder 'log'.
Whether values are stretched linearly or logarithmically. Logarithmic where the quantity spans orders of magnitude, so that the ramp is not exhausted by a handful of large sites.
era convention
Wie negative Jahreszahlen der Quelle zu lesen sind.
How negative years in the source are to be read. Under 'historical', −40 means 40 BC, and the derived xsd:gYear label is shifted by one because XSD counts astronomically. Only the calendar label is shifted; the numeric position is left untouched.
excluded datemax value
Filter p.datemax NOT IN (...) aus der Quell-Query. Bedeutung ungeklaert. Der Filter ist nicht neutral: er entfernt die betroffenen Toepfer an ALLEN Fundplaetzen.
A datemax value removed by the source query's filter. The reason for the exclusion is not currently documented. The filter is not neutral: it removes the affected potters at every findspot, so it is recorded here rather than left silent.
extreme stub years
Length of the stub drawn at each extreme value. The full range line was replaced by these stubs in the web application, and both figures follow that decision.
fuzziness divisor
12 = Varianz der Gleichverteilung. Die Verteilungsannahme pro Stempel steckt hier.
The value 12, being the variance of a uniform distribution over a unit range. This is where the per-stamp distributional assumption enters the model, and stating it makes that assumption inspectable rather than implicit.
has colour axis
Verbindet die Abbildung mit einer der Farbachsen, nach denen ihre Zeilen eingefaerbt werden koennen.
Relates a figure to a colour axis its rows can be shaded by. A figure carries several, because sharpness, chronology, dispersion and sample size answer different questions and choosing between them belongs to whoever is drawing the map.
has row
Links a figure to the plot rows it contains.
hex property
Die Eigenschaft, unter der der Hexwert an der Plotzeile steht.
The property under which this axis's colour appears on a plot row. See normalisedProperty for why it is named rather than assumed.
identifier scheme
Rezept, nach dem die Fundstellen-Fragmente gebildet werden. Muss von jeder weiteren Implementierung zeichengenau reproduziert werden, sonst entstehen abweichende URIs.
The recipe by which findspot URI fragments are built. Any further implementation must reproduce it character for character, including the Unicode normalisation step, or it will mint different URIs for the same findspot.
independent evidence
Woher das Datum stammt. Muss von Sigillata unabhaengig sein, sonst waere die Kalibrierung zirkulaer.
Where the date comes from. It has to be independent of samian, or the calibration would be circular — the model would be tuned against dates the model itself produced.
interval label
Textform aus der Query (avg_interval).
The interval rendered as text by the source query, retained for display and for comparison against the published web output.
k factor
k = k_max - (k_max-k_min)*(1-exp(-n/tau)), rein volumenbasiert.
The volume-based multiplier applied to sigmaYears. It falls from k_max towards k_min as evidence accumulates, so a findspot with many stamps receives a narrower interval than one with few.
k max
Upper bound of the k factor, applied when evidence is thin or absent.
k min
Lower bound of the k factor, approached as evidence accumulates.
k no die record
true = fuer diese Fundstelle liegt keine Stempeltyp-Erfassung vor. Seit 30a ohne Wirkung auf das Intervall: ein Hinweis auf eine Luecke im Datenbestand, kein Modellzustand.
True where no die attribution exists at all for the findspot. Up to revision 30a this condition set k to k_max and widened the interval for a reason unconnected with the material; it now has no effect on the dating and records a gap in the die record instead.
margin bottom
Bottom margin, in pixels.
margin left
Left margin, in pixels; it accommodates the site and findspot labels.
margin right
Right margin, in pixels.
margin top
Top margin, in pixels.
maximum datemax
Latest end date among the contributing potters. Drawn as the right extreme stub in both figures.
maximum datemin
Latest start date among the contributing potters.
minimum datemax
Earliest end date among the contributing potters.
minimum datemin
Earliest start date among the contributing potters. Drawn as the left extreme stub in both figures.
number of dies
The number of distinct dies attested at the findspot, counted over the pair (potter, die).
number of stamps with a die
ACHTUNG: das n der k-Formel. Zaehlt nur Stempel mit Die-Angabe und ist NICHT nStamps.
The number of stamps that carry a die attribution. This is the n in the k formula. It is smaller than nStamps because the underlying query counts only rows where a die is recorded. Substituting nStamps here yields a different k from the one actually used, which is why both are exported.
normalised property
Die Eigenschaft, unter der der normierte Wert an der Plotzeile steht.
The property under which this axis's normalised value appears on a plot row. Named in the graph so that a client can discover the axes rather than having the property names compiled into it.
pad years
Years of empty space added at each end of the time axis.
q end
As qStart, for the end date.
Sharpness of the end date, on the same scale as qStart.
q repetition
1 - 1/rep. Zweite Qualitaetsachse. Bewusst NICHT mit qInterval verrechnet: 'kein Depot' ist nicht 'schlecht datiert'.
1 − 1/repetition, the second quality axis. Deliberately not combined with qInterval: a findspot that is not a deposit is not thereby badly dated, and averaging the two would assert exactly that.
q start
Sharpness of the start date, exp(-sigma / referenceLength). The denominator is a fixed length, not a calendar value, so the measure no longer depends on where in the calendar the material sits.
Sharpness of the start date, exp(-sigma / referenceLength). Earlier versions divided by the mean calendar value, which penalised material dated near the era boundary for its position in the calendar rather than for any property of the evidence; since v27c the denominator is a fixed length and the measure is independent of epoch. The earlier form is kept in the source query as q_start_legacy, for reconstructing published figures.
ramp interpolation
Wie zwischen den Stuetzstellen interpoliert wird. 'linear-rgb': kanalweise linear. Nicht identisch mit D3s Spline, siehe py/ips_colour.py.
How colours between two anchors are obtained. 'linear-rgb' means each channel is interpolated linearly. This is not what D3's spline interpolators do; the two agree at the anchors and differ by a few units between them.
ramp name
Name der Farbskala. BEWUSST NICHT lado:colourRamp: dort steht der Name einer D3-Funktion, die dieser Export nicht nachbildet. Hier steht eine Skala, die durch rampStops und rampInterpolation vollstaendig festgelegt ist.
The name of the colour scale. Deliberately distinct from colourRamp, which holds the name of a D3 function that this export does not reproduce. A ramp named here is fully specified by its stops and its interpolation, and the resulting colours are reproducible from the graph without any library.
ramp stops
Die Stuetzstellen der Skala als Hexwerte, durch Leerzeichen getrennt, von 0 nach 1.
The anchor colours of the scale, as hex values separated by spaces, running from the low end of the domain to the high end.
reference length
Called t0 in the source query. The common time scale against which qStart and qEnd are read: q = exp(-sigma / referenceLength). A fixed length rather than a calendar value, which is what makes the measure independent of where in the calendar the material sits. Anchored on expert thresholds: sigma = 5 years counts as a sharp dating, sigma = 25 years as an unusable one.
The common time scale on which qStart and qEnd are read, called t0 in the source query. Because it is a fixed length rather than a calendar value, the two edge measures no longer depend on the epoch of the material. Its value of 20 years is anchored on expert thresholds: a dispersion of 5 years counts as a sharp dating, one of 25 years as unusable, giving q of about 0.78 and 0.29 respectively. Until the calibration of tau it happened to carry the same value, which invited the two to be read as one constant; they are unrelated, and now they differ.
renders
Verbindet eine Plotzeile mit der Datierung, die sie darstellt.
Links a plot row to the dating it depicts. Following this property in reverse tells you whether a given dating appears in any published figure.
row height
Height of one row, in pixels.
row order
Sortierregel der Zeilen. Erlaubt es, die Reihenfolge der Abbildung aus dem Graphen zu reproduzieren.
The rule by which rows are sorted, allowing the order of the published figure to be reproduced from the graph alone.
svg width
Width of the figure canvas, in pixels.
tau
Saettigungskonstante. Bei n = tau sind rund 63 % der moeglichen Verschmaelerung erreicht.
The saturation constant of the k curve. At n = τ roughly 63 per cent of the available narrowing has been achieved.
terminus kind
Welche Art von Schranke. 'terminus ante quem': das Material lag spaetestens zu diesem Zeitpunkt am Fundort. AUSDRUECKLICH KEIN Herstellungsdatum — Pompeji 79 heisst, dass die Ware 79 dort lag, nicht dass sie 79 produziert wurde.
What kind of bound this is. A terminus ante quem says the material was in place by that date; it is emphatically not a production date. Pompeii AD 79 means the ware was there when Vesuvius erupted, not that it was made in 79. Blurring the two is the standard way of over-reading a fixed point, and the distinction is why this property exists rather than a bare year.
uncertainty end (years)
VISUAL ONLY. Siehe uncStartYears.
Sample standard deviation of the contributing end dates. Presentation only, as for uncStartYears.
uncertainty interval (years)
VISUAL ONLY.
Combined edge dispersion, sqrt(var(datemin) + var(datemax)). Presentation only.
uncertainty start (years)
VISUAL ONLY. STDDEV_SAMP(datemin). Laut Methodendoku die Streuung von nichts im Modell; deshalb an der Plotzeile, nicht an der Zeitspanne.
Sample standard deviation of the contributing start dates. Presentation only: it measures the scatter of the interval edges, whereas the box is built from the scatter of the midpoints, so the whisker does not continue the box in any statistical sense.
undefined measure
Benennt eine Groesse, die fuer diese Zeitspanne nicht berechenbar war. Macht Abwesenheit explizit, statt sie der Open-World-Annahme zu ueberlassen.
Names a measure that could not be computed for this subject. Under the open-world assumption a missing triple is merely unknown; this property distinguishes 'we computed it and it does not exist' from 'nobody has looked yet'.
volume weight
w = 1.0: k haengt rein am Volumen.
Set to 1.0, recording that k depends on volume of evidence alone and on no other weighting.
withheld because
Die Begruendung fuer die Zurueckhaltung, im Klartext.
Why a terminus was withheld from the criterion, in plain words, so that the judgement can be disagreed with rather than merely obeyed.
withheld from criterion
Wahr, wenn dieser Termin in den Abbildungen erscheint, aber nicht in das Kalibrierungskriterium eingeht. Ein bestrittener Termin darf keinen publizierten Parameter setzen; ihn ganz wegzulassen wuerde verbergen, dass er je ein Kandidat war.
True where a terminus appears in the figures but was kept out of the calibration criterion. A contested date should not set a published parameter; dropping it altogether would hide that it was ever a candidate and why. The accompanying reason says which is the case here.
Self-contained bundle: the findspot datings, the full LADO vocabulary, and rdf:type triples materialised over rdfs:subClassOf so that CIDOC CRM and OWL-Time queries resolve without a reasoner. Loadable into a triplestore on its own.
Samian Research / IPS. Rights in the source data are held by the database publishers and are independent of the MIT licence covering the software that produced this file.
IPS dated sites — data, vocabulary and materialised CRM crosswalk
700 rdf:type triples in this file are inferred rather than asserted: they are the transitive closure over rdfs:subClassOf, written out explicitly. The axioms they follow from are included, so a reasoning store derives nothing new.
Archaeological sites dated by potters — box plot
Böckleareal (destruction layer period II)
Abandonment of the legionary camp, Dangstetten (8 BC)
coin-dated, 15 to 8 BC
Abandonment of the legionary fortress, Inchtuthil (AD 87)
historically dated abandonment
Abandonment of the legionary camp, Oberaden (7 BC)
dendrochronology, ending 7 BC
Eruption of Vesuvius, Pompeii (AD 79)
eruption of Vesuvius
Abandonment of the naval base, Velsen (AD 28)
military base in operation, abandoned about AD 28
Activity continued on the site after this date and admixture cannot be ruled out, which would make the terminus an upper bound on the site rather than on the assemblage. Excluding it leaves the calibrated tau unchanged, so nothing published depends on the decision.
Year scale
Das Zeitreferenzsystem, auf dem die Zahlenangaben liegen. Eine dokumentierte Konvention und damit ein crm:E73_Information_Object.
The temporal reference system the numeric positions are read on. A documented convention, and therefore a crm:E73_Information_Object. Its definition matters because the positions are signed years on a continuous line, not calendar labels — see eraConvention.
colour for midpointYear
VISUAL ONLY. Der Hexwert zu lado:normMidpointYear auf der Skala samian:axis_midpointYear. Aus dem Graphen nachrechenbar.
Presentation only. The colour corresponding to lado:normMidpointYear on the axis samian:axis_midpointYear. Recomputable from that axis's stops and interpolation; carried in the graph so that two maps of the same data cannot disagree about the scale.
colour for nStamps
VISUAL ONLY. Der Hexwert zu lado:normNStamps auf der Skala samian:axis_nStamps. Aus dem Graphen nachrechenbar.
Presentation only. The colour corresponding to lado:normNStamps on the axis samian:axis_nStamps. Recomputable from that axis's stops and interpolation; carried in the graph so that two maps of the same data cannot disagree about the scale.
colour for qInterval
VISUAL ONLY. Der Hexwert zu lado:normQInterval auf der Skala samian:axis_qInterval. Aus dem Graphen nachrechenbar.
Presentation only. The colour corresponding to lado:normQInterval on the axis samian:axis_qInterval. Recomputable from that axis's stops and interpolation; carried in the graph so that two maps of the same data cannot disagree about the scale.
colour for sigmaYears
VISUAL ONLY. Der Hexwert zu lado:normSigmaYears auf der Skala samian:axis_sigmaYears. Aus dem Graphen nachrechenbar.
Presentation only. The colour corresponding to lado:normSigmaYears on the axis samian:axis_sigmaYears. Recomputable from that axis's stops and interpolation; carried in the graph so that two maps of the same data cannot disagree about the scale.
midpoint year
The centre of the averaged interval, the m in m ± k·σ.
number of stamps
Anzahl Stempel an der Fundstelle (count_stamps).
The number of stamps recorded at the findspot. Note that this is not the n used by the k formula — see nStampsWithDie.
normalised midpointYear
VISUAL ONLY. lado:midpointYear auf [0,1] gestreckt, nach der Achse samian:axis_midpointYear. Chronological position. A sequential ramp on purpose: red-green would read as a judgement, and late material is not worse material.
Presentation only. The value of lado:midpointYear stretched onto the unit interval by the axis samian:axis_midpointYear. Chronological position. A sequential ramp on purpose: red-green would read as a judgement, and late material is not worse material.
normalised nStamps
VISUAL ONLY. lado:nStamps auf [0,1] gestreckt, nach der Achse samian:axis_nStamps. Sample size. Logarithmic, because the counts run from 2 to 170 and a linear domain would put four fifths of the findspots in the darkest eighth of the ramp.
Presentation only. The value of lado:nStamps stretched onto the unit interval by the axis samian:axis_nStamps. Sample size. Logarithmic, because the counts run from 2 to 170 and a linear domain would put four fifths of the findspots in the darkest eighth of the ramp.
normalised qInterval
VISUAL ONLY. lado:qInterval auf [0,1] gestreckt, nach der Achse samian:axis_qInterval. Dating sharpness on its own 0-1 scale, so the domain is a fixed convention rather than the range this corpus happens to show. Green is sharp. Matches the legend of the box plot.
Presentation only. The value of lado:qInterval stretched onto the unit interval by the axis samian:axis_qInterval. Dating sharpness on its own 0-1 scale, so the domain is a fixed convention rather than the range this corpus happens to show. Green is sharp. Matches the legend of the box plot.
normalised sigmaYears
VISUAL ONLY. lado:sigmaYears auf [0,1] gestreckt, nach der Achse samian:axis_sigmaYears. The dispersion the interval is built from. Reversed, so that small sigma is green and agrees with the qInterval axis.
Presentation only. The value of lado:sigmaYears stretched onto the unit interval by the axis samian:axis_sigmaYears. The dispersion the interval is built from. Reversed, so that small sigma is green and agrees with the qInterval axis.
q interval
Datierungsschaerfe (= q_spread). Erste Qualitaetsachse.
The first quality axis, describing how tightly the contributing potter datings agree. It divides by the interval width, which is a difference and therefore carries no calendar origin.
sigma (years)
sqrt( AVG(Breite^2/12) + VAR_SAMP(Mitten) ). Varianzzerlegung: innere Fuzziness plus Streuung der Intervallmitten.
The dispersion entering the interval width, obtained by variance decomposition: the internal fuzziness of each potter's range plus the scatter of the range midpoints. Together with kFactor it determines the width of the box, which is 2·k·σ.
Dating of Colchester — Pottery Shop II
Dating of Colchester — Pottery Shop I
Dating of London — Second Fire
Dating of London — New Fresh Wharf: quay
Dating of Berlingen — tumulus
Dating of Rougham — tumulus
Dating of Cap Drammont — wreck 6
Dating of Saalburg — Erdkastell
Dating of Wroxeter — gutter
Dating of Reims — rue de l'Equerre
Dating of Köln — Hafen
Dating of Eschenz — shop
Dating of Basel — Münster, Sch. 3 o
Dating of La Graufesenque — Fosse Cirratus
Dating of La Graufesenque — Fosse Malaval
Dating of Cirencester — fort ditch
Dating of Vindonissa — Keltengraben
Dating of Vindonissa — Depotfund
Dating of Burghöfe — Geschirrdepot
Dating of Helsoven — tumulus
Dating of Castleford — Pottery Shop
Dating of Oberaden — Military camp
Dating of Langenhain — store
Dating of Budapest — Aquincum, Hoard
Dating of Velsen — Velsen I
Dating of Chesterholm-Vindolanda — Per.1 Ditch
Dating of Inchtuthil — Gutter
Dating of Nijmegen — Barbarossastraat
Dating of Mainz — Emmeranstraße
Dating of Bregenz — Samian Hoard 1913
Dating of Bregenz — Böckleareal (period II)
Dating of Bregenz — Böckleareal (destruction layer period II)
Dating of Bregenz — Böckleareal (period I)
Dating of Verulamium — Second Fire
Dating of Alcester — Pit
Dating of Dangstetten — Military camp
Dating of Pompeii — Hoard
Dating of Amiens — Sq. Bocquet pit 1973
Dating of Narbonne — les ports (La Nautique)
Dating of Cap de Creus — Cala Culip IV
Dating of Pecio del Guadiaro — Shipwreck
Colour axis: midpointYear
Chronological position. A sequential ramp on purpose: red-green would read as a judgement, and late material is not worse material.
Colour axis: nStamps
Sample size. Logarithmic, because the counts run from 2 to 170 and a linear domain would put four fifths of the findspots in the darkest eighth of the ramp.
Colour axis: qInterval
Dating sharpness on its own 0-1 scale, so the domain is a fixed convention rather than the range this corpus happens to show. Green is sharp. Matches the legend of the box plot.
Colour axis: sigmaYears
The dispersion the interval is built from. Reversed, so that small sigma is green and agrees with the qInterval axis.
IPS coordinate for this discovery site, as delivered by the Samian Research endpoint. Published alongside the geometry in loc_discoverysite_1.ttl rather than instead of it; the two are not asserted to be the same point.
Berlingen
<http://www.opengis.net/def/crs/EPSG/0/4326> POINT(5.3 50.816665)
Rougham
Cap Drammont
Saalburg
Wroxeter
Reims
<http://www.opengis.net/def/crs/EPSG/0/4326> POINT(4.033333 49.25)
Köln
Eschenz
Basel
Cirencester
Burghöfe
Helsoven
Castleford
<http://www.opengis.net/def/crs/EPSG/0/4326> POINT(-1.35 53.71667)
Oberaden
<http://www.opengis.net/def/crs/EPSG/0/4326> POINT(7.52 51.62)
Langenhain
Budapest
Velsen
Chesterholm-Vindolanda
Inchtuthil
Nijmegen
Mainz
<http://www.opengis.net/def/crs/EPSG/0/4326> POINT(8.2791 50.0)
Verulamium
Alcester
Dangstetten
<http://www.opengis.net/def/crs/EPSG/0/4326> POINT(8.31 47.59)
Pompeii
Amiens
Narbonne
<http://www.opengis.net/def/crs/EPSG/0/4326> POINT(3.0 43.18333)
Cap de Creus
Pecio del Guadiaro
possibly after
Gilt auf dem modellierten Intervall [eff_start, eff_end]: diese Zeitspanne begins after the other ends, with a gap — aber nicht notwendig auch auf der weiteren Lesart bis zu den Extremwerten des Materials. Die belastbare Variante ist time:intervalAfter, eine Untereigenschaft hiervon.
Holds on the modelled interval: this time-span begins after the other ends, with a gap. Every pair of datings stands in exactly one relation of this family, so the set is complete and can be counted. It does not claim that the relation survives a more generous reading of the bounds — where it does, time:intervalAfter is asserted as well, and that property is declared a subproperty of this one.
possibly before
Gilt auf dem modellierten Intervall [eff_start, eff_end]: diese Zeitspanne ends before the other begins, with a gap — aber nicht notwendig auch auf der weiteren Lesart bis zu den Extremwerten des Materials. Die belastbare Variante ist time:intervalBefore, eine Untereigenschaft hiervon.
Holds on the modelled interval: this time-span ends before the other begins, with a gap. Every pair of datings stands in exactly one relation of this family, so the set is complete and can be counted. It does not claim that the relation survives a more generous reading of the bounds — where it does, time:intervalBefore is asserted as well, and that property is declared a subproperty of this one.
possibly contains
Gilt auf dem modellierten Intervall [eff_start, eff_end]: diese Zeitspanne strictly encloses the other — aber nicht notwendig auch auf der weiteren Lesart bis zu den Extremwerten des Materials. Die belastbare Variante ist time:intervalContains, eine Untereigenschaft hiervon.
Holds on the modelled interval: this time-span strictly encloses the other. Every pair of datings stands in exactly one relation of this family, so the set is complete and can be counted. It does not claim that the relation survives a more generous reading of the bounds — where it does, time:intervalContains is asserted as well, and that property is declared a subproperty of this one.
possibly during
Gilt auf dem modellierten Intervall [eff_start, eff_end]: diese Zeitspanne falls strictly inside the other — aber nicht notwendig auch auf der weiteren Lesart bis zu den Extremwerten des Materials. Die belastbare Variante ist time:intervalDuring, eine Untereigenschaft hiervon.
Holds on the modelled interval: this time-span falls strictly inside the other. Every pair of datings stands in exactly one relation of this family, so the set is complete and can be counted. It does not claim that the relation survives a more generous reading of the bounds — where it does, time:intervalDuring is asserted as well, and that property is declared a subproperty of this one.
possibly equals
Gilt auf dem modellierten Intervall [eff_start, eff_end]: diese Zeitspanne has the same bounds as the other — aber nicht notwendig auch auf der weiteren Lesart bis zu den Extremwerten des Materials. Die belastbare Variante ist time:intervalEquals, eine Untereigenschaft hiervon.
Holds on the modelled interval: this time-span has the same bounds as the other. Every pair of datings stands in exactly one relation of this family, so the set is complete and can be counted. It does not claim that the relation survives a more generous reading of the bounds — where it does, time:intervalEquals is asserted as well, and that property is declared a subproperty of this one.
possibly finishedBy
Gilt auf dem modellierten Intervall [eff_start, eff_end]: diese Zeitspanne begins earlier and ends together with the other — aber nicht notwendig auch auf der weiteren Lesart bis zu den Extremwerten des Materials. Die belastbare Variante ist time:intervalFinishedBy, eine Untereigenschaft hiervon.
Holds on the modelled interval: this time-span begins earlier and ends together with the other. Every pair of datings stands in exactly one relation of this family, so the set is complete and can be counted. It does not claim that the relation survives a more generous reading of the bounds — where it does, time:intervalFinishedBy is asserted as well, and that property is declared a subproperty of this one.
possibly finishes
Gilt auf dem modellierten Intervall [eff_start, eff_end]: diese Zeitspanne begins later and ends together with the other — aber nicht notwendig auch auf der weiteren Lesart bis zu den Extremwerten des Materials. Die belastbare Variante ist time:intervalFinishes, eine Untereigenschaft hiervon.
Holds on the modelled interval: this time-span begins later and ends together with the other. Every pair of datings stands in exactly one relation of this family, so the set is complete and can be counted. It does not claim that the relation survives a more generous reading of the bounds — where it does, time:intervalFinishes is asserted as well, and that property is declared a subproperty of this one.
possibly meets
Gilt auf dem modellierten Intervall [eff_start, eff_end]: diese Zeitspanne ends exactly where the other begins — aber nicht notwendig auch auf der weiteren Lesart bis zu den Extremwerten des Materials. Die belastbare Variante ist time:intervalMeets, eine Untereigenschaft hiervon.
Holds on the modelled interval: this time-span ends exactly where the other begins. Every pair of datings stands in exactly one relation of this family, so the set is complete and can be counted. It does not claim that the relation survives a more generous reading of the bounds — where it does, time:intervalMeets is asserted as well, and that property is declared a subproperty of this one.
possibly metBy
Gilt auf dem modellierten Intervall [eff_start, eff_end]: diese Zeitspanne begins exactly where the other ends — aber nicht notwendig auch auf der weiteren Lesart bis zu den Extremwerten des Materials. Die belastbare Variante ist time:intervalMetBy, eine Untereigenschaft hiervon.
Holds on the modelled interval: this time-span begins exactly where the other ends. Every pair of datings stands in exactly one relation of this family, so the set is complete and can be counted. It does not claim that the relation survives a more generous reading of the bounds — where it does, time:intervalMetBy is asserted as well, and that property is declared a subproperty of this one.
possibly overlappedBy
Gilt auf dem modellierten Intervall [eff_start, eff_end]: diese Zeitspanne begins inside the other and outlasts it — aber nicht notwendig auch auf der weiteren Lesart bis zu den Extremwerten des Materials. Die belastbare Variante ist time:intervalOverlappedBy, eine Untereigenschaft hiervon.
Holds on the modelled interval: this time-span begins inside the other and outlasts it. Every pair of datings stands in exactly one relation of this family, so the set is complete and can be counted. It does not claim that the relation survives a more generous reading of the bounds — where it does, time:intervalOverlappedBy is asserted as well, and that property is declared a subproperty of this one.
possibly overlaps
Gilt auf dem modellierten Intervall [eff_start, eff_end]: diese Zeitspanne begins first, ends inside the other — aber nicht notwendig auch auf der weiteren Lesart bis zu den Extremwerten des Materials. Die belastbare Variante ist time:intervalOverlaps, eine Untereigenschaft hiervon.
Holds on the modelled interval: this time-span begins first, ends inside the other. Every pair of datings stands in exactly one relation of this family, so the set is complete and can be counted. It does not claim that the relation survives a more generous reading of the bounds — where it does, time:intervalOverlaps is asserted as well, and that property is declared a subproperty of this one.
possibly startedBy
Gilt auf dem modellierten Intervall [eff_start, eff_end]: diese Zeitspanne begins together with the other and outlasts it — aber nicht notwendig auch auf der weiteren Lesart bis zu den Extremwerten des Materials. Die belastbare Variante ist time:intervalStartedBy, eine Untereigenschaft hiervon.
Holds on the modelled interval: this time-span begins together with the other and outlasts it. Every pair of datings stands in exactly one relation of this family, so the set is complete and can be counted. It does not claim that the relation survives a more generous reading of the bounds — where it does, time:intervalStartedBy is asserted as well, and that property is declared a subproperty of this one.
possibly starts
Gilt auf dem modellierten Intervall [eff_start, eff_end]: diese Zeitspanne begins together with the other and ends first — aber nicht notwendig auch auf der weiteren Lesart bis zu den Extremwerten des Materials. Die belastbare Variante ist time:intervalStarts, eine Untereigenschaft hiervon.
Holds on the modelled interval: this time-span begins together with the other and ends first. Every pair of datings stands in exactly one relation of this family, so the set is complete and can be counted. It does not claim that the relation survives a more generous reading of the bounds — where it does, time:intervalStarts is asserted as well, and that property is declared a subproperty of this one.
Colchester
London
La Graufesenque
Vindonissa
Bregenz
Independent terminus
Ein Ereignis, dessen Datum unabhaengig von Sigillata bekannt ist und das dadurch eine Schranke fuer ein Ensemble setzt. Die Klasse benennt die ROLLE des Ereignisses im Datierungsverfahren, nicht seine Art: der Vesuvausbruch und die Aufgabe eines Lagers sind beides Ereignisse, und beide werden hier zu Terminen, weil ihr Datum aus anderen Quellen stammt als aus dem datierten Material selbst.
An event whose date is known from something other than samian — a coin series, a dendrochronological sequence, a volcano, the historical record — and which therefore bounds the assemblage found with it. The class names the event's ROLE in the dating procedure rather than its kind: an eruption and the abandonment of a fort are both events, and both become termini here because their dates come from outside the material being dated. Publishing them closes a gap: the graph used to say that the model was calibrated against five findspots without ever saying against what.
Dating model
Parametrisierung, aus der die Intervalle berechnet wurden. Haengt an prov:Plan UND an crm:E29_Design_or_Procedure: sonst waere dies die einzige lokale Klasse, die CIDOC CRM nicht erreicht, und ein rein CRM-basierter Konsument saehe die Methode nicht, aus der die Datierungen stammen.
The parameterisation from which the intervals were computed. Holds k_min, k_max, τ, w and the fuzziness divisor, so a reader can recompute any interval from the exported figures alone. It sits beneath prov:Plan and beneath crm:E29_Design_or_Procedure, the CIDOC CRM class for a documented procedure; without the second parent this would be the one local class that never reaches CIDOC CRM, and a CRM-only consumer could see the datings but not the method behind them.
Figure
Abbildung. Traegt die Konstanten, die nicht zu den Fundplaetzen gehoeren, sondern zur Grafik.
A published figure. Carries the constants that belong to the drawing rather than to the archaeology — padding, row height, colour ramp, sort order — so that they are stated once instead of being repeated on every row.
Colour axis
Eine Abbildung einer gemessenen Groesse auf eine Farbskala, vollstaendig beschrieben: Stuetzstellen, Interpolation, Normierungsbereich. Damit ist jeder Hexwert im Graphen aus dem Graphen selbst nachrechenbar und nicht nur zu glauben.
A complete specification of how one measured quantity becomes a colour: the ramp stops, the interpolation between them, the domain the values are stretched onto and whether that domain is a fixed convention or was read off this corpus. Colour is presentation rather than evidence, so it is published here on the same terms as the other presentation-only quantities: as something a consumer can check and recompute rather than has to trust.
Discovery site
Bestehende LADO-Klasse aus loc_discoverysite_1.ttl.
An existing LADO class from the published loc_discoverysite dataset. This export references such nodes; it never re-types or redefines them.
Dating activity
Der Rechenlauf, der eine Datierung erzeugt hat. Haengt an crmdig:D10_Software_Execution, weil dessen Scope Note genau das beschreibt: ein Lauf, der vollstaendig durch seine digitale Eingabe, die Software und die Eigenschaften der Maschine bestimmt ist. CRMdig hat die Ausrichtung auf CIDOC CRM bereits gemacht, ueber D7 und E11/E65 bis E7_Activity — das ist tragfaehiger, als selbst zu entscheiden, ob ein Skriptlauf eine E7_Activity ist.
The computation that produced one dating. It sits beneath crmdig:D10_Software_Execution, whose scope note describes precisely this: a run completely determined by its digital input, the software and the generic properties of the device. Using CRMdig rather than reaching for crm:E7_Activity directly means the alignment has been done by the extension's authors — D10 leads through D7 and E11/E65 to E7_Activity — instead of this vocabulary deciding on its own whether a script run counts as an action intentionally carried out by an actor.
Findspot dating
Datierung einer Fundstelle aus Toepferstempeln. Das Intervall ist ein 'virtual fuzzy year' m +/- k*sigma, KEIN Konfidenzintervall.
The dating of one findspot derived from samian potters' stamps. The interval is a 'virtual fuzzy year' of the form m ± k·σ and is explicitly NOT a confidence interval: it carries no probabilistic claim about where the true date lies.
8 BC
AD 87
7 BC
AD 79
AD 28
Findspot
Benannte Fundstelle innerhalb eines Fundplatzes. Faellt ueber crm:P89_falls_within in die DiscoverySite. Ein Fundplatz kann mehrere Fundstellen tragen, getrennt datiert und mitunter weit auseinander (Bregenz ist der Standardfall).
A named context within a discovery site, such as a pit, a ditch or a destruction layer. It falls within its site via crm:P89_falls_within. A site may carry several findspots, dated separately and sometimes far apart — Bregenz is the standing example — which is why the dating hangs on the findspot and not on the site.
London — New Fresh Wharf: quay: 168 to 197
Pecio del Guadiaro — Shipwreck: 77 to 94
Cap de Creus — Cala Culip IV: 63 to 76
Velsen — Velsen I: 12 to 32
Bregenz — Samian Hoard 1913: 33 to 43
La Graufesenque — Fosse Cirratus: 30 to 40
Cirencester — fort ditch: 49 to 60
Plot row
Darstellungsschicht einer Datierung. Traegt ausdruecklich die Groessen, die laut Methodendoku 'visual only' sind.
The presentation layer of a single dating. It deliberately carries the uncertainty whiskers, which the method documentation describes as visual only, keeping them off the time-span where they would read as an archaeological claim.
Chesterholm-Vindolanda — Per.1 Ditch: 80 to 95
Bregenz — Böckleareal (period I): 35 to 52
Colchester — Pottery Shop I: 53 to 65
Bregenz — Böckleareal (period II): 46 to 69
Pompeii — Hoard: 70 to 79
Colchester — Pottery Shop II: 56 to 67
Berlingen — tumulus: 54 to 75
Cap Drammont — wreck 6: 44 to 72
Reims — rue de l'Equerre: 63 to 77
Köln — Hafen: 76 to 83
Vindonissa — Depotfund: 6 to 32
Oberaden — Military camp: -10 to -2
Dangstetten — Military camp: -12 to -3
Narbonne — les ports (La Nautique): 49 to 60
La Graufesenque — Fosse Malaval: 43 to 55
Amiens — Sq. Bocquet pit 1973: -15 to -3
Mainz — Emmeranstraße: -6 to 6
Bregenz — Böckleareal (destruction layer period II): 47 to 64
Saalburg — Erdkastell: 113 to 140
Basel — Münster, Sch. 3 o: -15 to 4
Inchtuthil — Gutter: 67 to 93
Vindonissa — Keltengraben: -10 to 12
Nijmegen — Barbarossastraat: 70 to 80
London — Second Fire: 110 to 120
Burghöfe — Geschirrdepot: 60 to 81
Castleford — Pottery Shop: 138 to 149
Wroxeter — gutter: 163 to 181
Helsoven — tumulus: 131 to 159
Verulamium — Second Fire: 134 to 158
Eschenz — shop: 163 to 182
Langenhain — store: 208 to 230
Alcester — Pit: 150 to 166
Rougham — tumulus: 146 to 171
Budapest — Aquincum, Hoard: 145 to 171
Location
Bestehende LADO-Klasse, hier in CIDOC CRM verankert.
An existing LADO class, anchored here beneath crm:E53_Place so that consumers who reason over CIDOC CRM can reach it without knowing LADO.
Dating instant
Eine Intervallgrenze. Eigene Anwendungsklasse, damit sie in CIDOC CRM verankert werden kann, ohne eine Behauptung ueber time:Instant im Allgemeinen aufzustellen: crm:E52_Time-Span ist der CRM-Begriff fuer eine zeitliche Ausdehnung, hier eine von der Dauer null.
One boundary of a dated interval. A local class rather than a bare time:Instant so that it can be anchored in CIDOC CRM without making any claim about time:Instant in general: crm:E52_Time-Span is the CRM notion of a temporal extent, and this one has zero duration. Every instance of an application class in this export reaches CIDOC CRM, and the boundaries are no exception — without the anchor a CRM-only consumer would see a time-span whose ends did not exist.
Virtual fuzzy year, volume-based k (v1)
tau chosen as the smallest value at which every reference findspot's terminus ante quem falls inside its interval. k_min and k_max are set conventions, not calibrated: five reference ensembles cannot separate three parameters.
eff = m +/- k*sigma. sigma aus Varianzzerlegung sqrt(AVG(w^2/12) + VAR(Mitten)). k rein volumenbasiert. Das Intervall ist ein archaeologisch motiviertes 'virtual fuzzy year', ausdruecklich KEIN Konfidenzintervall.
ips_rdf_export.py
Dating time position
Die Zahlenangabe einer Intervallgrenze auf einer benannten Skala. Strukturell eine crm:E54_Dimension: ein Wert plus das System, in dem er zu lesen ist — time:numericPosition entspricht P90 has value, time:hasTRS entspricht P91 has unit.
The numeric value of a boundary together with the scale it is read on. Structurally a crm:E54_Dimension: time:numericPosition corresponds to P90 has value and time:hasTRS to P91 has unit. Kept as a local subclass so the alignment is stated here rather than asserted about OWL-Time itself.
IPS signed year scale
Durchgehende Zahlengerade vorzeichenbehafteter Jahreszahlen, auf der die Quell-Query rechnet (eff = m +/- k*sigma). Wie negative Werte als Kalenderjahre zu lesen sind, sagt lado:eraConvention am Datierungsmodell; die daraus abgeleiteten Kalenderlabels stehen als time:inXSDgYear an den Instants. Die Position selbst wird NICHT umgerechnet, weil eine Verschiebung nur der negativen Werte die Skala bei 0 zerreissen wuerde.
Dated time-span
Zeitspanne, die aus datiertem Material erschlossen wurde.
A time-span inferred from dated material rather than recorded directly. Sits beneath both crm:E52_Time-Span and time:ProperInterval so that CIDOC-based and OWL-Time-based queries each find it by their own route.
LADO — Erweiterung fuer Fundstellen-Datierung
Erweitert LADO um Fundstellen, Datierungs-Zeitspannen und eine getrennte Darstellungsschicht. Alle Klassen haengen ueber rdfs:subClassOf unter CIDOC CRM.
Contains a small number of rdfs:subClassOf axioms that belong to CRMdig and to CIDOC CRM rather than to this vocabulary. They are restated so that the standalone bundle resolves CIDOC CRM queries without those ontologies being loaded; they assert nothing new.
sha256(NFC(trim(findspot)))[0:6], per discovery-site id
Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Archaeologie (LEIZA)
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Derived from the Samian Research / IPS database.
Archaeological findspots dated by samian potters' stamps
Datierter Snapshot. Die Fundstellen- und Zeitspannen-URIs sind bewusst NICHT versioniert: sie bezeichnen dauerhaft dieselbe Fundstelle bzw. deren jeweils aktuelle Datierung. Aendern sich die Quelldaten, aendern sich die Werte unter derselben URI. Wer einen konkreten Stand zitieren will, zitiert diesen Datensatz.
Dr. Allard W. Mees, Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Archaeologie (LEIZA)